Geographic distance
distance.RdIf x is a SpatRaster:
If y is missing this method computes the distance, for all cells that are NA in SpatRaster x to the nearest cell that is not NA (or other values, see arguments "target" and "exclude").
If y is a numeric value, the cells with that value are ignored. That is, distance to or from these cells is not computed (only if grid=FALSE).
If y is a SpatVector, the distance to that SpatVector is computed for all cells. For lines and polygons this is done after rasterization; and only the overlapping areas of the vector and raster are considered (for now).
The distance is always expressed in meter if the coordinate reference system is longitude/latitude, and in map units otherwise. Map units are typically meter, but inspect crs(x) if in doubt.
Results are more precise, sometimes much more precise, when using longitude/latitude rather than a planar coordinate reference system, as these distort distance.
If x is a SpatVector:
If y is missing, a distance matrix between all objects in x is computed. A distance matrix object of class "dist" is returned.
If y is a SpatVector the geographic distance between all objects is computed (and a matrix is returned). If both sets have the same number of points, and pairwise=TRUE, the distance between each pair of objects is computed, and a vector is returned.
The distance is always expressed in meter, except when the coordinate reference system is longitude/latitude AND one of the SpatVector(s) consists of lines or polygons. In that case the distance is in degrees, and thus not very useful (this will be fixed soon). Otherwise, results are more precise, sometimes much more precise, when using longitude/latitude rather than a planar coordinate reference system, as these distort distance.
If x is a matrix:
x should consist of two columns, the first with "x" (or longitude) and the second with "y" coordinates (or latitude). If y is a also a matrix, the distance between each points in x and all points in y is computed, unless pairwise=TRUE
If y is missing, the distance between each points in x with all other points in x is computed, unless sequential=TRUE
Usage
# S4 method for class 'SpatRaster,missing'
distance(x, y, target=NA, exclude=NULL, unit="m", method="haversine", filename="", ...)
# S4 method for class 'SpatRaster,SpatVector'
distance(x, y, unit="m", rasterize=FALSE, method="haversine", filename="", ...)
# S4 method for class 'SpatVector,ANY'
distance(x, y, sequential=FALSE, pairs=FALSE, symmetrical=TRUE, unit="m", method="geo")
# S4 method for class 'SpatVector,SpatVector'
distance(x, y, pairwise=FALSE, unit="m", method="geo")
# S4 method for class 'matrix,matrix'
distance(x, y, lonlat, pairwise=FALSE, unit="m", method="geo")
# S4 method for class 'matrix,missing'
distance(x, y, lonlat, sequential=FALSE, pairs=FALSE, symmetrical=TRUE,
unit="m", method="geo")Arguments
- x
SpatRaster, SpatVector, or two-column matrix with coordinates (x,y) or (lon,lat)
- y
missing, numeric, SpatVector, or two-column matrix
- target
numeric. The value of the cells for which distances to cells that are not
NAshould be computed- exclude
numeric. The value of the cells that should not be considered for computing distances
- unit
character. Can be either "m" or "km"
- method
character. One of "geo", "haversine", "cosine". With "geo" the most precise but slower method of Karney (2003) is used. The other two methods are faster but less precise
- rasterize
logical. If
TRUEdistance is computed from the cells covered by the geometries after rasterization. This can be much faster in some cases- filename
character. Output filename
- ...
additional arguments for writing files as in
writeRaster- sequential
logical. If
TRUE, the distance between sequential geometries is returned- pairwise
logical. If
TRUEand if x and y have the same size (number of rows), the pairwise distances are returned instead of the distances between all elements- lonlat
logical. If
TRUEthe coordinates are interpreted as angular (longitude/latitude). IfFALSEthey are interpreted as planar- pairs
logical. If
TRUEa "from", "to", "distance" matrix is returned- symmetrical
logical. If
TRUEandpairs=TRUE, the distance between a pair is only included once. The distance between geometry 1 and 3 is included, but the (same) distance between 3 and 1 is not
References
Karney, C.F.F., 2013. Algorithms for geodesics, J. Geodesy 87: 43-55. doi:10.1007/s00190-012-0578-z.
Examples
#lonlat
r <- rast(ncols=36, nrows=18, crs="+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84")
r[500] <- 1
d <- distance(r)
#>
|---------|---------|---------|---------|
=========================================
plot(d / 100000)
#planar
rr <- rast(ncols=36, nrows=18, crs="+proj=utm +zone=1 +datum=WGS84")
rr[500] <- 1
d <- distance(rr)
rr[3:10, 3:10] <- 99
e <- distance(rr, exclude=99)
p1 <- vect(rbind(c(0,0), c(90,30), c(-90,-30)), crs="+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84")
dp <- distance(r, p1)
#>
|---------|---------|---------|---------|
=========================================
d <- distance(p1)
d
#> 1 2
#> 2 10014577
#> 3 10014577 20003931
as.matrix(d)
#> 1 2 3
#> 1 0 10014577 10014577
#> 2 10014577 0 20003931
#> 3 10014577 20003931 0
p2 <- vect(rbind(c(30,-30), c(25,40), c(-9,-3)), crs="+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84")
dd <- distance(p1, p2)
dd
#> [,1] [,2] [,3]
#> [1,] 4596223 5104507 1054933
#> [2,] 9192445 5905838 11048088
#> [3,] 10825924 14117180 8981037
pd <- distance(p1, p2, pairwise=TRUE)
pd
#> [1] 4596223 5905838 8981037
pd == diag(dd)
#> [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE
# polygons, lines
crs <- "+proj=utm +zone=1"
p1 <- vect("POLYGON ((0 0, 8 0, 8 9, 0 9, 0 0))", crs=crs)
p2 <- vect("POLYGON ((5 6, 15 6, 15 15, 5 15, 5 6))", crs=crs)
p3 <- vect("POLYGON ((2 12, 3 12, 3 13, 2 13, 2 12))", crs=crs)
p <- rbind(p1, p2, p3)
L1 <- vect("LINESTRING(1 11, 4 6, 10 6)", crs=crs)
L2 <- vect("LINESTRING(8 14, 12 10)", crs=crs)
L3 <- vect("LINESTRING(1 8, 12 14)", crs=crs)
lns <- rbind(L1, L2, L3)
pts <- vect(cbind(c(7,10,10), c(3,5,6)), crs=crs)
distance(p1,p3)
#> [,1]
#> [1,] 3
distance(p)
#> 1 2
#> 2 0
#> 3 3 2
distance(p,pts)
#> [,1] [,2] [,3]
#> [1,] 0.000000 2.000000 2.000000
#> [2,] 3.000000 1.000000 0.000000
#> [3,] 9.848858 9.899495 9.219544
distance(p,lns)
#> [,1] [,2] [,3]
#> [1,] 0.000000 3.535534 0.000000
#> [2,] 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
#> [3,] 1.414214 5.099020 2.553878
distance(pts,lns)
#> [,1] [,2] [,3]
#> [1,] 3 8.602325 7.262591
#> [2,] 1 5.385165 6.943356
#> [3,] 0 4.472136 6.065460